Wednesday, February 28, 2024

頸部痛（首の痛み）に対するマッサージ 主要な結果 このレビューは、亜急性（中期）または慢性の頸部痛に対してのマッサージが、偽のマッサージと比べて、痛み、機能低下、QOL、主観的な治療効果について、12週間以内の追跡調査でほとんど差がないことを示している。副作用としては、治療による痛みなどが挙げられる。 背景 頚部痛は、急性（4週間未満）、亜急性（4から12週間）または慢性（12週間以上）の首の痛みを引き起こし、身体的な障害や多くの経済的負担をもたらす、成人によくある症状である。首からくる頭痛や、背中の上部や腕への痛みの広がり、腕の脱力感やしびれなどの症状を引き起こすこともある。骨、関節、筋肉、靭帯、腱、神経などの影響を受け、社会的、心理的、個人的な要因の影響を受けることもある。 マッサージとは、痛みや筋肉の張りを和らげ、リラクゼーションを促すために、手技により身体の軟部組織を動かすことである。マッサージはよく行われ、安価で副作用も少ないため、首の痛みを抱える人々にとって大きな関心事となっている。 調べたかったこと 成人の急性、亜急性または慢性の頚部痛（腕の痛みや頭痛の有無は問わず、むち打ち損傷に伴うものを含む）に対するマッサージの利点とリスクは何か？マッサージの用量（週あたりの頻度、合計週数、マッサージをする時間の長さ）は症状に影響するか？ 何がわかったか？ 腕の痛み（6％）、む...

口腔粘膜下線維症の管理のための介入 論点 口腔粘膜下線維症に伴う症状の改善には、どのような治療が有効か 要点 - 総じて結果は一貫していなかったが、抗酸化薬の使用は開口制限の治療に有効であり、口腔粘膜下線維症の人が経験する口の中の灼熱感を改善する可能性が高いことを示している。 口腔粘膜下線維症とは何か？ 口腔粘膜下線維症は、頬や口のこわばりが強くなる病気である。この症状がある人は、口の中が焼けるような痛みが持続することがよくある。このような問題のために食事や会話、嚥下が難しくなることもある。この症状に対処するために多くの医薬品が提案されており、経口投与（全身投与）、表面への局所塗布（局所投与）、患部への直接注射などがある。さまざまな手術や理学療法もある。 何が知りたかったのか？ 我々は、口腔粘膜下繊維症の症状を改善するために、どの治療法が最も有効であるか検証したいと考えた。また、各治療法のリスク（危険）や副作用はどのようなもので、それらがどの程度の頻度で生じるかも検証したいと考えた。 行ったこと 医学・歯科学雑誌および臨床試験のデータベースを検索した。ランダム化比較試験として知られているものだけを選択した。この種の試験では、参加者はランダムに群に割り付けられる。ある群では特定の治療が行われ、別の群では異なる治療が行われるか、または全く治療を受けない群となる。これらの試験は、臨床試...

The second Global Evidence Summit (GES) is taking place in the picturesque city of Prague, Czech Republic, from 10 to 13 September 2024 - registration is still open!  Hosted by global leaders in evidence synthesis and evidence-based practice, including Cochrane, JBI, Guidelines International Network (GIN), and The Campbell Collaboration, the summit represents a unique opportunity for knowledge exchange and collaboration. It is an opportunity for professionals across various sectors, such as health, education, social justice, the environment, and climate change, to engage in discussions about producing, summarizing, and disseminating evidence to inform policy and practice.

GES is committed to inclusivity and global partnership, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We spoke with Sabrina Khamissa, Cochrane's Events Support Officer closely involved in GES, to uncover insights, behind-the-scenes information, and updates about the event.



Hi Sabrina! Excitement is building for the upcoming GES event in September. Could you give us an overview of GES's approach to inclusivity and global participation?
Sabrina: The GES stands out as a unique gathering, uniting individuals across various disciplines and roles, from policymakers to patients and government officials to advocates. This diversity is also reflected in our attendees and our program. Ensuring a diverse and representative audience is important to us. Our commitment to including LMICs has been integral to every stage of planning. From the formation of committees working behind the scenes, to the selection of conference themes and speakers, and even to offering discounts to LMIC attendees. We've strived to make the participation of people from LMICs a central focus of the event.

That's wonderful to hear! Could you share a bit about what's happening behind the scenes to involve LMICs that people might not know about?
Sabrina: Absolutely! Behind the scenes, there has been an effort to make the GES accessible and inclusive for participants from LMICs. One aspect that may not be immediately apparent is the meticulous process of selecting the event location. The choice of the Czech Republic was intentional. Its accessibility via train or plane, price points of accommodation and other expenses, and reasonable visa requirements make it an ideal venue that ensures ease and affordability for global attendees. We also have many committees working behind the scenes. We've taken deliberate steps to ensure that these committees encompass a range of perspectives, including representation from LMICs. From reviewing abstract submissions to curating the roster of keynote speakers, diversity is at the forefront of our considerations. This ensures that the program reflects the global diversity of voices and experiences, enriching the summit's discourse and impact.

Registration prices and visa requirements can often pose significant barriers for attendees from LMICs. How is GES addressing these challenges?
Sabrina: To promote inclusivity, we have implemented significantly reduced registration rates for attendees joining us from low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income economies, as classified by the World Bank. This initiative aims to mitigate financial barriers that often deter participation from LMICs, ensuring that cost is not a prohibitive factor for delegates seeking to attend GES. 

We understand the logistical challenges faced by attendees from LMICs, including visa requirements. To alleviate this burden, we are happy to provide letters of invitation to support visa applications. We encourage all attendees to check visa requirements and if you need a letter, please get in touch as early as possible. Our goal is to facilitate smooth and hassle-free participation for all delegates!



There are also stipends. What exactly are those and what does it cover?
Sabrina: Cochrane is committed to promoting diversity and inclusion within its network and recognizes the importance of making its events accessible to individuals from all backgrounds. The organization understands that individuals from low and middle-income countries may face financial barriers that prevent them from attending GES and wants to help alleviate those barriers by offering stipends and bursaries. This is a long tradition at Cochrane and we have been offering this for many years.

Stipends were made available to those residing in low-, lower-middle-, and upper-middle-income countries who are actively contributing to GES's mission. We are grateful to TDR and EDC TP for sponsoring people from LMICs who may not have otherwise been able to attend.  Recipients of these scholarships are expected to provide a report detailing their experiences at the Global Evidence Summit. This report may be utilized as a blog post or news item, contributing to the dissemination of insights and knowledge gained from the event. We also offered stipends for patients and consumers too! 

And what about the GES program? 
Sabrina: The official GES themes have relevance to LMIC, including sustainable development and global evidence to local impact. Each plenary session will feature an LMIC or UMIC representative speaker, ensuring that diverse perspectives are incorporated into the discussions. Plenaries serve as a valuable platform where all attendees come together for presentations followed by panel discussions—an enriching shared experience for all involved.

The program also encompasses many posters and smaller oral presentations, all revolving around our GES themes. These sessions provide attendees with the opportunity to delve into their specific areas of interest, fostering a dynamic learning environment tailored to individual preferences. As I said before, it's a very unique event and we are confident that there will be interesting content for all attendees!

Looking ahead, what are the long-term implications of efforts in involving LMICs in global initiatives like the Global Evidence Summit?
Sabrina: That's an interesting question and it's been one that we have been conscious of. GES organizers and the partners involved truly feel that the efforts extend far beyond the confines of a GES single event. By fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange among diverse people, we lay the foundation for sustainable partnerships that transcend geographical boundaries. Ultimately, we aim to empower attendees to take ownership of evidence-based practices, driving positive health outcomes and equity on a global scale. 

Registration is still open for GES (with onsite registration available!) and we're looking forward to welcoming you all to Prague! See you there! 

• Visit the GES website
• Learn more about registration

Tuesday, August 20, 2024

Specifications: 6-Months Fixed –Term Contract
Salary:  Hourly Rate – £12-£15 per Hour depending on experience
(Please note: This is a short-term project-based contract that is open to anyone who would like to gain experience in this field without necessarily having professional experience.)
Location: UK (Remote – Flexible)  
Closing date:  11 March 2024
 
Cochrane is an international charity. For 30 years we have responded to the challenge of making vast amounts of research evidence useful for informing decisions about health. We do this by synthesising research findings and our work has been recognised as the international gold standard for high quality, trusted information.

Cochrane's strength is in its collaborative, global community. We have 110,000+ members and supporters around the world. Though we are spread out across the globe, our shared passion for health evidence unites us. Our Central Executive Team supports this work and is divided into four directorates: Evidence Production and Methods, Publishing and Technology, Development, and Finance and Corporate Services.

As Cochrane’s Data Scientist, you will work with our technology, product and publishing teams to leverage data in supporting the work of Cochrane in advocating for evidence-informed health decision-making worldwide.  

Don’t have every single qualification? We know that some people are less likely to apply for a job unless they are a perfect match. At Cochrane, we’re not looking for “perfect matches.” We’re looking to welcome people to our diverse, inclusive, and passionate workplace. So, if you’re excited about this role but don’t have every single qualification, we encourage you to apply anyway. Whether it’s this role or another one, you may be just the right candidate.

Our organization is built on four core values: Collaboration: Underpins everything we do, locally and globally. Relevant: The right evidence at the right time in the right format. Integrity: Independent and transparent. Quality: Reviewing and improving what we do, maintaining rigour and trust.  

You can expect:  

• An opportunity to truly impact health globally.  
• A flexible work environment  
• A comprehensive onboarding experiences.
• An environment where people feel welcome, heard, and included, regardless of their differences.

Cochrane welcomes applications from a wide range of perspectives, experiences, locations, and backgrounds; diversity, equity and inclusion are key to our values.

How to apply

• For further information on the role and how to apply
• The deadline to receive your application is 11th March, 2024.
• The supporting statement should indicate why you are applying for the post, and how far you meet the requirements, using specific examples. 
• Read our Recruitment Privacy Statement

Tuesday, February 27, 2024 Category: Jobs

Specifications: 1-Year Fixed Term Contract
Salary:  £35,000 per Annum  
Location: UK (Remote – Flexible)  
Closing date: 15 March 2024
 
Cochrane is an international charity. For 30 years we have responded to the challenge of making vast amounts of research evidence useful for informing decisions about health. We do this by synthesising research findings and our work has been recognised as the international gold standard for high quality, trusted information.

Cochrane's strength is in its collaborative, global community. We have 110,000+ members and supporters around the world. Though we are spread out across the globe, our shared passion for health evidence unites us. Our Central Executive Team supports this work and is divided into four directorates: Evidence Production and Methods, Publishing and Technology, Development, and Finance and Corporate Services.

The Future of Evidence Synthesis (FES) is a critical programme of work for Cochrane over the next 3 years. Successful delivery is essential for Cochrane’s future and sustainability. A core component of the new production model is the creation of Cochrane Evidence Synthesis Units  and Thematic Groups. This role will work closely with the Head of Change Management, to support the Thematic Groups and Evidence Synthesis Units across the implementation cycle – from application process management, through to onboarding and monitoring and evaluation.
       
Don’t have every single qualification? We know that some people are less likely to apply for a job unless they are a perfect match. At Cochrane, we’re not looking for “perfect matches.” We’re looking to welcome people to our diverse, inclusive, and passionate workplace. So, if you’re excited about this role but don’t have every single qualification, we encourage you to apply anyway. Whether it’s this role or another one, you may be just the right candidate.

Our organization is built on four core values: Collaboration: Underpins everything we do, locally and globally. Relevant: The right evidence at the right time in the right format. Integrity: Independent and transparent. Quality: Reviewing and improving what we do, maintaining rigour and trust.  

You can expect:  

• An opportunity to truly impact health globally.  
• A flexible work environment  
• A comprehensive onboarding experiences.
• An environment where people feel welcome, heard, and included, regardless of their differences.

Cochrane welcomes applications from a wide range of perspectives, experiences, locations, and backgrounds; diversity, equity and inclusion are key to our values.

How to apply

• For further information on the role and how to apply
• The deadline to receive your application is 15 March 2024.
• The supporting statement should indicate why you are applying for the post, and how far you meet the requirements, using specific examples. 
• Read our Recruitment Privacy Statement

Tuesday, February 27, 2024 Category: Jobs

Friday, February 23, 2024

A new Cochrane Library Editorial has been released following the publication of two Cochrane systematic reviews on Hospital at Home (HAH) programmes, urging a shift in the trajectory of HaH research. 

Hospital at Home provides hospital-level care at home, for people who would otherwise be inpatients in hospital. One type of Hospital at Home is to avoid admission to hospital. This is called Admission Avoidance Hospital at Home. These services replace an admission to hospital, for people whose condition would normally need treatment in a hospital bed, for example for a flare-up of a lung condition. Instead, a doctor can refer a patient they assess as being suitable to receive treatment for an illness in their own home (or the place where they usually live, including in residential care), for a limited time. Another type is called Early Discharge Hospital at Home. These services shorten the length of time people need to stay in hospital after being admitted as an inpatient, for example following surgery or treatment for an illness or condition. The care patients would usually receive from healthcare professionals in a hospital bed is instead provided in their home, and is not expected to compromise the quality of care.

This first Cochrane review examined if providing health care in an admission avoidance hospital at home setting improves patient health outcomes and reduces health service costs.

• Read the Cochrane review

Edgar K, Iliffe S, Doll HA, Clarke MJ, Gonçalves-Bradley DC, Wong E, Shepperd S. Admission avoidance hospital at home. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD007491. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007491.pub3.

The second Cochrane review is a qualitative evidence synthesis on what is important when introducing, running, and receiving care from Hospital at Home services. The authors wanted to explore a range of experiences of, and views on, Admission Avoidance and Early Discharge services. Topics covered things that managers want to know when planning to set up a Hospital at Home service, healthcare professionals’ views on working in a Hospital at Home service, what matters to patients who receive this type of care, or how family and caregivers experience Hospital at Home services for those they care for.

• Read the Cochrane review

Wallis JA, Shepperd S, Makela P, Han JX, Tripp EM, Gearon E, Disher G, Buchbinder R, O'Connor D. Factors influencing the implementation of early discharge hospital at home and admission avoidance hospital at home: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD014765. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD014765.pub2. 

These two updated Cochrane reviews demonstrate HaH's clinical and cost-effectiveness but also show the lack of effective scale-up strategies. An accompanying Cochrane Library editorial strongly suggests that the future direction of HaH research must move beyond repeating clinical and cost-effectiveness studies comparing HaH to usual care and instead focus on identifying and testing strategies to increase adoption and sustainability across different healthcare systems. 

The authors summarized the Cochrane Library Editorial by saying:

This editorial recognises the conclusive evidence that Hospital at Home (HaH) programmes are comparable to traditional hospital care, and encourages the  shift in the discourse from “does HaH work?” to “how to we scale up HaH successfully?”. 

Key challenges that needs to be addressed are: patient and  caregiver engagement, policy development, and sustainability to integrate HaH as a core component of acute care strtagies.

• Read the Cochrane Library editorial

Lai YF, Ko SQ. Time to shift the research agenda for Hospital at Home from effectiveness to implementation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024, Issue 3. Art. No.: ED000165. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.ED000165.

Tuesday, March 5, 2024

Thursday, February 22, 2024

Specifications: Permanent – Full Time
Salary:  £40,000 per Annum  
Location: UK (Remote) with occasional travel to London Office
Closing date: 7 March 2024

Cochrane is an international charity. For 30 years we have responded to the challenge of making vast amounts of research evidence useful for informing decisions about health. We do this by synthesising research findings and our work has been recognised as the international gold standard for high quality, trusted information.

Cochrane's strength is in its collaborative, global community. We have 110,000+ members and supporters around the world. Though we are spread out across the globe, our shared passion for health evidence unites us. Our Central Executive Team supports this work and is divided into four directorates: Evidence Production and Methods, Publishing and Technology, Development, and Finance and Corporate Services.

You will manage the product roadmap and product lifecycle for commercial products, primarily focusing on the development of premium product offerings which leverage Cochrane evidence and content.

Don’t have every single qualification? We know that some people are less likely to apply for a job unless they are a perfect match. At Cochrane, we’re not looking for “perfect matches.” We’re looking to welcome people to our diverse, inclusive, and passionate workplace. So, if you’re excited about this role but don’t have every single qualification, we encourage you to apply anyway. Whether it’s this role or another one, you may be just the right candidate.

Our organization is built on four core values: Collaboration: Underpins everything we do, locally and globally. Relevant: The right evidence at the right time in the right format. Integrity: Independent and transparent. Quality: Reviewing and improving what we do, maintaining rigour and trust.  

You can expect: 

• An opportunity to truly impact health globally.  
• A flexible work environment  
• A comprehensive onboarding experiences.
• An environment where people feel welcome, heard, and included, regardless of their differences.

Cochrane welcomes applications from a wide range of perspectives, experiences, locations, and backgrounds; diversity, equity and inclusion are key to our values.

How to apply

• For further information on the role and how to apply, please click here
• The deadline to receive your application is 07 March, 2024.
• The supporting statement should indicate why you are applying for the post, and how far you meet the requirements, using specific examples. 
• Read our Recruitment Privacy Statement

Thursday, February 22, 2024 Category: Jobs

Wednesday, February 21, 2024

Tuesday, February 20, 2024

Specifications: Permanent – Full Time
Salary:  £31,000 per Annum
Location: UK (Remote with occasional travel to the London office)
Directorate: CEOO
Closing date:  05 March 2024

Cochrane is an international charity. For 30 years we have responded to the challenge of making vast amounts of research evidence useful for informing decisions about health. We do this by synthesising research findings and our work has been recognised as the international gold standard for high quality, trusted information.

Cochrane's strength is in its collaborative, global community. We have 110,000+ members and supporters around the world. Though we are spread out across the globe, our shared passion for health evidence unites us. Our Central Executive Team supports this work and is divided into four directorates: Evidence Production and Methods, Publishing and Technology, Development, and Finance and Corporate Services.

The Governance Officer works at the most senior level in the organisation, ensuring the smooth running of Cochrane’s governance function and the systems and processes that support it.

Don’t have every single qualification? We know that some people are less likely to apply for a job unless they are a perfect match. At Cochrane, we’re not looking for “perfect matches.” We’re looking to welcome people to our diverse, inclusive, and passionate workplace. So, if you’re excited about this role but don’t have every single qualification, we encourage you to apply anyway. Whether it’s this role or another one, you may be just the right candidate.

Our organization is built on four core values:

Collaboration: Underpins everything we do, locally and globally.

Relevant: The right evidence at the right time in the right format.

Integrity: Independent and transparent.

Quality: Reviewing and improving what we do, maintaining rigour and trust.

You can expect:

• An opportunity to truly impact health globally.
• A flexible work environment
• A comprehensive onboarding experiences.
• An environment where people feel welcome, heard, and included, regardless of their differences.

Cochrane welcomes applications from a wide range of perspectives, experiences, locations, and backgrounds; diversity, equity and inclusion are key to our values.

How to apply

• For further information on the role and how to apply
• The deadline to receive your application is 5th March, 2024.
• The supporting statement should indicate why you are applying for the post, and how far you meet the requirements, using specific examples.
• Read our Recruitment Privacy Statement

Tuesday, February 20, 2024 Category: Jobs

過体重や肥満の改善のためのスマートフォンアプリ 要点 - 本レビューに含まれた結果からは、スマートフォンアプリが10代の若者および成人の過体重や肥満の改善に役立つことを示すには不十分であった。スマートフォンアプリを使用した場合と、何もしない場合、または個人的指導を行った場合とを比較した場合における差は小さく、日常生活には重要な影響を与えない可能性がある。 - 10代の若者に関する情報は少なく、また、スマートフォンアプリがさまざまな国でうまく使えるのか、低所得者、あるいは異なる背景を持つ人たちにとってどの程度有効かについても不明である。 -このトピックに関する34件の研究が進行中であり、今後2年以内にさらに多くのことが解明されることを期待している。 - 医師やその他の医療従事者は、過体重あるいは肥満の患者に対してスマートフォンアプリを推奨するかどうかについて慎重に検討する必要がある。 過体重、および肥満とは何か？ 過体重とは、身長に対して正常とされる体重よりも多いことを意味する。BMIとは、体重（kg）を身長（m）の2乗で割った値（kg/m²）であり、成人の場合、BMIが25～30であれば過体重であることを意味する。肥満とは、著しく過体重で健康上のリスクが高く、成人の場合、BMIが30を超えている状態である。肥満の人は、健康上の問題だけでなく、周囲から不当な扱いを受けることが多い。...

Last week, a report co-authored by Cochrane Sweden revealed that the results of hundreds of Nordic clinical trials remain unpublished. The team shared the report on the social media platform X, formerly known as Twitter. Two days later, their account was suspended from the platform following reports from unknown users. The team are appealing the decision but have had no response so far.

Since 2019, Cochrane Sweden have been involved in improving trial transparency, publishing reports and organizing international webinars. The latest report found that 475 clinical trials involving 83,903 patients completed during 2016-19 in Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Norway and Sweden have never made their results public in any form.

“We shared the report on Nordic trial transparency on Tuesday 6 February, and by Thursday our Cochrane Sweden X account was suspended unexpectedly,” says Matteo Bruschettini, Director of Cochrane Sweden and co-author of the report. “We have initiated an appeal against the suspension, which is apparently for ‘pretending to be another entity in a misleading or deceptive manner’. We suspect that we were reported maliciously in response to our latest report, which is extremely unfortunate. We are currently considering whether to dismiss X and focus on other social media channels.”


X’s rules on ‘platform integrity and authenticity’ state that accounts will be suspended if they are ‘engaged in impersonation or are using a deceptive identity’. This is clearly not the case for Cochrane Sweden’s X account, which has always been run by Cochrane Sweden.

This is not the first time that Cochrane-affiliated social media channels have been erroneously censored by social media platforms. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Cochrane social media posts sharing evidence that ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine were ineffective treatments were removed from various social media platforms and wrongly tagged as ‘misinformation’.

“It’s disturbing to see that social media rules aimed at preventing misinformation are being used to do the exact opposite,” says Catherine Spencer, Chief Executive of the Cochrane Collaboration. “Social media platforms must do more to protect trusted sources from vexatious or malicious reports, and act swiftly to correct things when they make a mistake. Cochrane Sweden’s important work to promote research integrity has been undermined by rules ostensibly aimed at safeguarding integrity and authenticity. We stand behind Cochrane Sweden and urge X to restore their account as soon as possible.”

• Read more about Cochrane Sweden's collaboration on trial transparency report
• Read about Cochrane's past issues with social media and their fight against misinformation 

Friday, February 16, 2024

Cochrane is delighted to announce the launch of the twelfth module within the Cochrane Interactive Learning course, on qualitative evidence synthesis (QES). 

This introductory module teaches participants how to systematically combine and analyze evidence from individual qualitative studies. The module, designed to be completed in about 90 minutes, aims to provide participants with a solid foundation in framing a QES question, scoping a topic, assessing available evidence, synthesizing data, and proficiently presenting findings in a comprehensive report.

Professor Jane Noyes, one of the module's authors, says "This module aims to provide learners with a basic overview of designing and conducting a QES. We prioritized the key methods and stages in the design and conduct of a qualitative evidence synthesis."

QES has emerged as a crucial approach for informing guideline development and addressing implementation considerations in diverse country settings and complex health systems.

"We're dedicated to meeting the needs of our end-users by diversifying the evidence we offer in the Cochrane Library. Embracing qualitative evidence synthesis strengthens our capacity to fulfill these needs. I'm thankful for the dedication of the Methods QES Group, whose efforts-from the groundbreaking Cochrane Interactive Learning to the influential Cochrane-Campbell Handbook-advance the dissemination of qualitative evidence synthesis, fostering a future where every voice is valued," Karla Soares-Weiser, Editor in Chief of the Cochrane Library, says.

Developed by the Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group in collaboration with the Learning Team in Cochrane's Development Directorate, the twelfth module reflects dedication to delivering high-quality, engaging, and innovative distance learning experiences.

The module includes links to relevant chapters from the Cochrane-Campbell Handbook for Qualitative Evidence Synthesis, allowing learners to access more detailed methods guidance for those seeking in-depth information.

Andrew Booth, who also authored the module, shares his excitement: "Having spent over a decade delivering face-to-face training events on qualitative evidence synthesis, it was really exciting to be steered towards explaining the same concepts and techniques for an international online community."

Notably, certain Cochrane contributors and residents of HINARI countries may access the new module and the entire Cochrane Interactive Learning course free of charge. Additionally, subscription options are available for both individuals and institutions interested in accessing this valuable resource. For further details and to access the new module, please visit the Cochrane Interactive Learning page.

May Silveira Bianchim, a Cochrane Qualitative and Implementation Methods Group (QIMG) intern, underscores the value of the introductory module in her professional development: "As a Cochrane QMIG intern, the introductory module is an invaluable resource for learning the basic steps of qualitative evidence synthesis, providing insights that are instrumental in applying this knowledge to practice. This experience has been meaningful to my ongoing professional development."

• Visit Cochrane Interactive Learning

Friday, February 16, 2024

心理社会的治療は神経刺激薬（覚せい剤、コカインなど）使用障害者の助けになるか？ 要点 - 心理社会的治療は、無治療の場合と比較して、神経刺激薬使用障害のある人が早期に治療をやめる数を減らし、覚せい剤を断薬する期間もおそらく長くする。 - 通常の治療と比較すると、心理社会的治療は治療を長く続けるのに役立つが、おそらく薬物摂取の頻度にはほとんど差がない。 - どのような治療法が、誰にとって、いつ、どのような状況で最善であるかについての理解を深めるために、さまざまな心理社会的アプローチを比較する研究がさらに必要である。 神経刺激薬使用障害とは何か？ 神経刺激薬使用障害は、精神刺激薬を使用したいという強い衝動と、その使用をコントロールできないことを特徴とする精神障害である。コカイン、アンフェタミン、クラック、MDMAは精神刺激薬である。精神刺激薬は、大麻に次いで世界で2番目に多く使用されている違法薬物である。神経刺激薬使用障害は、妄想や幻覚、心血管疾患、AIDS、ウイルス性肝炎、性感染症などの深刻な医学的問題と関連している。神経刺激薬使用障害のある人は、交通事故、犯罪、性的虐待、対人暴力に巻き込まれるリスクが高い。 神経刺激薬使用障害はどのように治療されるのか？ 現在、神経刺激薬使用障害の治療薬として承認されているものはない。その結果、心理社会的治療が適切な選択肢とみなされている。心理社...

瞑想は心血管疾患の発症や悪化の予防に役立つのか？ 要点 - 我々は主に、マインドフルネスに基づく介入（mindfulness-based interventions：MBI）と超越瞑想（transcendental meditation：TM）という2種類の瞑想を、何か他のものを受けた場合と何も受けなかった場合（それぞれ能動的比較群、非能動的比較群と呼ぶ）と比較して調査した。対象アウトカムの多くに関する結果は一貫性がなかった。 - 非能動的比較群と比べて、MBIはおそらくストレスを軽減しており、不安や抑うつ、血圧を低下させる可能性もある。TMは、能動的あるいは非能動的比較群と比べて、血圧を低下させる可能性があるが、心理学的転帰を報告した研究はほとんどない。より高い質で実施された研究が加われば、結果はより確実なものになると考えている。 心血管疾患とは何か？ 心血管疾患（Cardiovascular disease：CVD）には、心臓や血管に起こるさまざまな病気があり、その中には、高コレステロール、運動不足、ストレス、食生活の乱れ、過体重、喫煙、飲酒などの問題が原因で起こるものもある。全体として、CVDは世界最大の死因である。 瞑想はどのように役立つのか？ 瞑想は、人々のストレスレベルを下げるのに役立ち、ストレスに対処する不健康な方法（例えば、喫煙、飲酒、粗末な食べ物の選択）を避ける...

ファビピラビルはCOVID-19の治療に有効か？ 要点 強固なエビデンスがないため、2019年に発生した新型コロナウイルス感染症（COVID-19）の、入院が不要な患者、および入院患者に対するファビピラビルの有益性については不明である。 ファビピラビルは軽度の副作用を起こす可能性はあるが、重大、または重篤な副作用は起こさないと思われる。 ファビピラビルとは何か？ ファビピラビルはウイルスと闘うための薬剤であり、通常、口から服用される。もともと他のウイルス感染症の治療に使用されていたが、ウイルスの増殖を防ぐ作用があることから、COVID-19の治療薬となる可能性が示唆されている。医薬品規制当局は、ファビピラビルをCOVID-19患者に対し緊急的に使用することを承認している。 何を調べようとしたのか？ COVID-19患者における、死亡、人工呼吸器の必要性、およびその他の結果について、ファビピラビルの使用が、治療を行わなかった場合、支持療法を行った場合、およびその他の実験的な抗ウイルス療法を行った場合よりも優れているかどうかについて調査した。また、ファビピラビルの有害事象との関連についても明らかにしたかった。 何を行ったのか？ COVID-19患者に対し、ファビピラビルを使用した場合と、治療を行わなかった場合、支持療法を行った場合、およびその他の抗ウイルス療法を行った場合とを比較した...

局所麻酔は妊娠第一三半期における流産手術の疼痛コントロールに有効か？ この要約で「人」という言葉を使うときは、現在妊娠する能力のある個人を意味する。 要点 傍頸管ブロック、子宮頸部の周囲に局所麻酔を注射する方法は、妊娠第一三半期の流産手術の痛みを軽減する。 いくつかの研究で、注射の深さや注射部位の数など、傍頸管ブロックを最適化する方法が検討されている。 全体的に、疼痛コントロールについての満足度は中程度に高く、副作用は少ないと報告された。 妊娠第一三半期の流産手術とは 妊娠第一三半期の流産手術とは、訓練を受けた医療従事者が14週未満の妊娠を終結させるために行う医療行為である。世界では1年あたり7300万件の流産手術が行われている。手術は痛みを伴うため、効果的な疼痛管理を行うことが重要である。 何を調べようとしたのか？ この痛みに対する最適な疼痛管理法は不明である。我々は局所麻酔の種類や使用方法などの疼痛緩和に関するエビデンスに関心があった。 さらに、疼痛管理が満足いくものか、副作用が報告されているかを知りたかった。 何を行ったのか？ 妊娠14週までにおける流産手術の様々な疼痛管理の選択肢を比較した研究について、医学データベースを検索した。研究結果を要約、比較し、研究の方法や規模などの要因に基づいてエビデンスに対する信頼性を評価した。 何が見つかったのか？ 1,992人を対象とした...