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成人のがん疼痛治療薬オキシコドン
Featured Review: Digital technologies to help people with asthma take their medication as prescribed
Asthma is one of the most common long-term conditions worldwide. There are effective medicines available to treat symptoms, such as inhalers containing steroids. However, for best effect, maintenance medication need to be taken as prescribed. Many people do not take their medication, due to busy schedules and the belief that medication is only needed short-term. This is known as 'non-adherence', which can lead to more symptoms and attacks. Non-adherence is a major health problem; achieving adherence is very important to prevent attacks and reduce the risk of death. In healthcare there is increasing use of digital interventions such as mobile phones, text messages, and 'smart' inhalers that can feed back information about medication-taking. However, there is limited evidence on whether these technologies work to improve asthma medication-taking or improve symptoms.
This review aimed to find out whether digital technologies really work to improve asthma medication-taking, and whether this improved adherence leads to improvements in asthma symptoms and other benefits.
Study characteristics
We found 40 studies including more than 15,000 adults and children with asthma. Studies ranged from about 2 weeks to 24 months' duration, so we cannot say whether these methods are effective in the long term (a long period of years). We searched multiple information sources to identify relevant studies. This review is current as of June 2020. Looking at the data, we aimed to find out whether digital technologies helped people with asthma to take their medication as prescribed, and whether people who used the technology had better asthma control, and fewer asthma attacks, than those who did not use the technology.
Key results
People with asthma who were given the digital technology to support asthma medication-taking were better at taking their medication as prescribed compared to people who did not get the technology; 15% more people (likely to be somewhere between 8% and 22%) took their medication as prescribed when they received the digital technology, compared to those who did not (who took their medication on average 45% of the amount prescribed).
Importantly, people who got the digital technology had much better asthma control and half the risk of asthma attacks (likely somewhere between 32% and 91%), which has direct benefits for reducing the risk of asthma-related deaths. We saw improvements in quality of life and lung function, but the effect on lung function was small and may be of limited clinical relevance.
No improvements were seen in unscheduled healthcare visits. There was not enough information to tell us about the effect of digital technologies on time off work or school or the cost-benefits, nor whether there are any harms. Technologies were generally acceptable to patients. Certain types of technologies such as 'smart' inhalers and text messages seemed to be better for improving medication-taking than other technology types, although the small number of studies means we cannot be certain that these technologies definitely work better than others.
Quality of the information
There is some uncertainty about our results because the studies were quite different from each other. These differences mean that we cannot be completely sure what the real benefit is, as the benefits may be due to other factors not directly related to the technology - for example, being involved in a study can improve medication-taking. Sometimes the studies did not give us enough information for us to include them with the other studies to work out their effectiveness. We had concerns about a quarter of the studies where people did not finish the study, and we were uncertain whether studies reported everything they measured.
Practising GPs and authors on this Cochrane review Anna De Simoni and Chris Griffiths discuss using apps and digital tools with patients with asthma, they explain,
"The evidence in this review gives us more confidence to discuss their use. From this review we know electronic adherence monitors and text messages can help patients make more informed choices."
Key message
The studies we found suggest that digital technologies may help people with asthma take their medication better, improve their asthma control, and potentially halve their risk of asthma attacks, compared with people who did not get the technology. Certain types of digital technologies, such as text-message interventions, may work better than others. However, we have some uncertainties about the quality of the information reported in some studies, and the small number of studies for the different technology types, which means we cannot be 100% certain of their benefits.
Author Amy Chan explains,
“Digital technologies that aim to improve medication taking can increase people taking their medication in way it has been prescribed by 15%, and improve asthma control and quality of life. Technologies that use text messages or electronic adherence monitors appear to be particularly effective for improving people taking their medication as prescribed.”
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パーキンソン病における転倒予防のための介入
COVID-19パンデミックを抑制するための学校での対策の予期せぬ結果
Cochrane Sweden celebrates its 5th anniversary
2022 marks the 5 year anniversary of Cochrane Sweden. The center was established on the 17th of May 2017, in the city of Lund. For this milestone, Cochrane Sweden shares some of their many highlights.
Over the past five years, Cochrane Sweden has been busy promoting evidence-based decision-making in healthcare in Sweden. Some accomplishments have been providing learning tools on how to conduct, edit and read systematic reviews. Cochrane Sweden launched Cochrane Interactive Learning as part of the curriculum for medical students at Lund University to support training in evidence-based health care. Cochrane Sweden is also the first Cochrane group to get unlimited access to Cochrane Interactive Learning. This has led to Sweden having the highest number of users per inhabitant in the world. Moreover, the strategic and fruitful collaboration with Lund University has provided unlimited access to Covidence and, in the coming days, to RevMan Web.
Each year Cochrane Sweden also provides many workshops, courses, and lectures about Cochrane, systematic reviews, evidence-based medicine, and more specialized topics, such as reviews of non-randomized studies, diagnostic test accuracy reviews and complex meta-analyses. We have trained hundreds of PhD students in the Cochrane methodology, and some of them have become Cochrane authors. Eleven master medical students have prepared their master theses at our centre. In 2017, Cochrane Sweden launched the Cochrane International Mobility program. Since then, more than 20 people have participated in this international exchange program to learn more about evidence-based medicine through collaborations between Cochrane Sweden and other Cochrane centers. You can read some examples of the researchers experience with the program here. We are much grateful to all members of our Advisory Board, which includes Swedish health professionals and Cochrane staff from six different groups, for their generous and qualified guidance.
For the past five years, Cochrane Sweden has been busy producing new research. So far, researchers affiliated to our center have completed 22 new or updated Cochrane Reviews, published 25 new Cochrane protocols and 38 other journal articles and reports. This has led to us often being mentioned in international and Swedish media. Currently, we also have 19 protocols and reviews in preparation. Several of these reviews have been commissioned by national and international stakeholders, including the World Health Organization.
Cochrane Sweden has also collaborated with other centers through the Scandinavian GRADE Network. In 2022, we led the establishment of the network together with Cochrane Denmark, Cochrane Norway, SBU, the Danish Health Authority and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.
Our team has also grown up! In 2020, Martin joined as project coordinator, and indeed is coordinating lots of projects, from training to research and dissemination; Katarina is brilliantly delivering administrative support to our activities and contributing to develop new projects; in 2022, also Lea became part of the staff: she contributes to daily operations and ongoing research, such as the Swedish trial transparency report.
We have also produced a lot of content on social media. You can follow us on Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram, or register to our monthly newsletter.
Visit the Cochrane Sweden website here, or drop-in at our office!
Vi ses!
Lea, Martin, Katarina, and Matteo
Tuesday, May 31, 2022Cochrane’s Governing Board seeks new Treasurer
Candidates with experience in accounting and financial management are encouraged to apply
Cochrane is a diverse, global organization committed to informing healthcare decisions with the best available evidence from research. Organizationally, we are an international network of autonomously funded groups and a registered charity in the United Kingdom. Members of the Governing Board come from around the world and provide strategic leadership for the whole organization, as well as acting as Trustees of the UK charity.
Governing Board members work as a team, with complementary skills and backgrounds. They are a mix of elected members - who must be Cochrane Members - and appointed members, who bring an external perspective to the Board. Appointed members can be anyone with the relevant skills and experience and will not normally be Cochrane Members.
The Treasurer is a member of the Governing Board who supports their fellow Trustees to fulfil their obligation to provide financial oversight for the organization. Our current Treasurer, Karen Kelly, will step down from her position at the end of August 2023. To ensure a smooth handover and to increase the number of Board members with financial expertise, we are looking to appoint a new Board member who can act as Deputy Treasurer until August 2023, taking over as Treasurer from September 2023.
This is an exciting opportunity to join the board of an internationally renowned healthcare organization as we embark on a program of substantial change in how we are organized as a global collaboration, and seek to complete our transition to become a fully Open Access source of health evidence.
Appointed members serve an initial three-year term and may be reappointed. Board membership is a voluntary, unpaid role, although expenses will be paid.
The deadline for applications is 15 July 2022. To find out how to stand for appointment, please visit elections.cochrane.org.
Tuesday, May 31, 2022
Cochrane’s Governing Board seeks to appoint two new members
Candidates with experience in digital product development, business development, or publishing are encouraged to apply
Cochrane is a diverse, global organization committed to informing healthcare decisions with the best available evidence from research. Organizationally, we are an international network of autonomously funded groups and a registered charity in the United Kingdom. Members of the Governing Board come from around the world and provide strategic leadership for the whole organization, as well as acting as Trustees of the UK charity.
Governing Board members work as a team, with complementary skills and backgrounds. They are a mix of elected members - who must be Cochrane Members - and appointed members, who bring an external perspective to the Board. Appointed members can be anyone with the relevant skills and experience and will not normally be Cochrane Members.
To replace current Board members retiring this year, we’re looking for two new appointed members with experience and expertise in one or more of the following areas:
- Digital product development
- Fundraising and business development
- Publishing and Open Access
The Board is running a separate appointments process for a new Treasurer. If you have expertise in accounting or financial management, particularly in a UK context, you should consider applying for the role of Treasurer instead. More information is available here.
This is an exciting opportunity to join the board of an internationally renowned healthcare organization as we embark on a program of substantial change in how we are organized as a global collaboration, and seek to complete our transition to become a fully Open Access source of health evidence.
Appointed members serve an initial three-year term and may be reappointed. Board membership is a voluntary, unpaid role, although expenses will be paid.
The deadline for applications is 15 July 2022. To find out how to stand for appointment, please visit elections.cochrane.org.
Tuesday, May 31, 2022
川崎病の治療に副腎皮質ステロイドを使用すること
Featured review: Which medicines, taken by mouth or injected, work best to treat a skin condition called plaque psoriasis?
妊娠初期に中絶をするための薬物療法は有効か、また好ましくない影響があるか?
尋常性乾癬と呼ばれる皮膚疾患の治療には、経口投与と注射のうち、どの薬が最も効果的か?
Cochrane Library Editorial: Appraising pay‐for‐performance in healthcare in low‐ and middle‐income countries through systematic reviews
Pay-for-performance (P4P) is an approach whereby individuals, teams or facilities within the health system are given money or other rewards for meeting service‐related targets, carrying out specific tasks or for meeting specific quality or health outcome thresholds. P4P has been one of the most ideologically charged topics in recent years in global health. It has attracted considerable investment, promotion, innovation, and assessment, but the issue of its effectiveness, efficiency and long‐term effects remains controversial.
A newly published Cochrane Library Editorial explores the challenges encountered by those who have conducted P4P systematic reviews and offers suggestions for future reviews and research on P4P. Karin Diaconu, lead author from Queen Margaret University in Edinburgh, says:
“This editorial offers an overview of 4 challenges we met with when evaluating 171 studies on pay-for-performance for systematic reviews. It also provides our reflections on the priorities for future evidence syntheses. We hope this editorial will help guide future studies and evidence synthesis projects about P4P.”
- Read the Cochrane Library Editorial ‘Appraising pay‐for‐performance in healthcare in low‐ and middle‐income countries through systematic reviews: reflections from two teams’
- Read the Cochrane Review ‘Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries’
- Listen podcast about review